2715.2)Body Treatments. 5) Body Black Heads Treatment

1. Charcoal +white lava Body wash 

The wonders of activated Charcoal and White Lava are the basis of this incredibly mild, full foaming exfoliating wash. The scrubbing action of White Lava particles suspended throughout this wash gently buff and polish dry, tired skin. Activated Coconut Charcoal draws toxins from the skin for a deep cleansing experience. Feel rejuvenated with every use. Natural based surfactants cause the foaming action – with no sodium lauryl sulfate. This makes for a wonderfully effective, naturally based product perfect for all skin types. 

Coconut charcoal and white lava exfoliating body wash 

Introducing the latest innovation in skincare, the Coconut Charcoal and White Lava Exfoliating Body Wash. This unique formula combines the benefits of coconut charcoal and the exfoliating properties of white lava to offer a luxurious skincare experience. Coconut charcoal is known for its ability to draw out impurities from the skin, making it a popular ingredient in the beauty industry. The addition of white lava provides a gentle yet effective exfoliation, leaving your skin feeling smooth and refreshed. In this article, we will explore the benefits of using coconut charcoal in skincare, the exfoliating properties of white lava, and how this body wash compares to traditional body washes. 

Coconut charcoal is a natural ingredient that has been used in various industries, including skincare. The use of coconut charcoal in skincare products has gained popularity due to its numerous benefits. According to Atmanto and Ambarwati (2021), coconut charcoal has the ability to absorb impurities and toxins from the skin, making it an effective ingredient in facial masks and cleansers. Additionally, coconut charcoal has antibacterial and antifungal properties, which can help to prevent and treat acne and other skin infections. These properties are attributed to the high concentration of activated carbon in coconut charcoal. Activated carbon is known for its ability to attract and bind to impurities on the skin, making it an effective ingredient in skincare products. Furthermore, coconut charcoal is a gentle exfoliant, which can help to remove dead skin cells and unclog pores, resulting in a brighter and smoother complexion. The use of coconut charcoal in skincare products is also environmentally friendly, as it is a renewable resource and biodegradable. Overall, the use of coconut charcoal in skincare products can provide numerous benefits for the skin and the environment. 

White lava is a volcanic rock that has been found to have exfoliating properties. According to research conducted by TJ Jones et al. (2013), white lava has a high silica content and is composed of small, sharp fragments that can effectively remove dead skin cells. The exfoliating properties of white lava have been attributed to its physical structure, as well as its chemical composition. The rough texture of white lava allows for gentle abrasion of the skin, while the high silica content helps to stimulate collagen production, leading to smoother, firmer skin. Additionally, the minerals present in white lava, such as magnesium and potassium, contribute to its skin-softening properties. This makes white lava a promising ingredient in skincare products, particularly those aimed at exfoliation and anti-aging. However, it is important to note that the use of volcanic rock in skincare products is not new and has been a traditional practice in many cultures for centuries. Furthermore, further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using white lava in skincare products. 

The use of coconut charcoal as a potential alternative to traditional body washes has been gaining attention due to its natural origin and eco-friendliness. A study conducted by Amuda et al. (2007) highlights the potential of coconut charcoal as a natural adsorbent for the removal of impurities in wastewater treatment. The high surface area and pore volume of coconut charcoal make it effective in adsorbing organic and inorganic contaminants. This same principle can be applied to its use in body washes. Traditional body washes often contain synthetic chemicals that can be harmful to both the body and the environment. Coconut charcoal, on the other hand, is a natural and renewable resource that can effectively cleanse the skin without the use of harmful chemicals. Furthermore, coconut charcoal has antimicrobial properties that can help prevent the growth of bacteria on the skin. While more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and drawbacks of using coconut charcoal as a body wash, its natural origin and eco-friendliness make it a promising alternative to traditional body washes. 

In conclusion, the coconut charcoal and white lava exfoliating body wash is a powerful yet natural solution for cleansing and exfoliating the skin. The combination of coconut charcoal and white lava provides a gentle, yet effective scrub that removes impurities and dead skin cells, leaving the skin feeling smooth and refreshed. With its natural ingredients, this body wash is suitable for all skin types and can be used on a daily basis. Those who want to achieve a healthy, radiant, and rejuvenated skin should consider adding this product to their daily skincare routine. 

 

 

 

1. Shea Butter Sugar Scrub 

The use of natural ingredients to promote healthy skin is becoming increasingly popular. One of the most beneficial skin care ingredients is shea butter sugar scrub. This natural scrub offers a variety of benefits for skin health, and can be made at home with a few simple ingredients. In addition, it 

important to know which type of shea butter sugar scrub is best suited for your skin type. In this essay,  we will explore the benefits of shea butter sugar scrub for skin health, discuss DIY recipes 

 Shea butter sugar scrub has become increasingly popular due to its plethora of skin health benefits. 

According to WG Goreja (2004), shea butter is an excellent moisturizer and emollient, meaning it can help to keep skin hydrated and soft. It is also packed with vitamins and fatty acids that can help to nourish and protect the skin from environmental hazards. In addition, the sugar in the scrub can help to gently exfoliate the skin, removing dead skin cells and revealing a brighter and more vibrant complexion. 

It is also an effective treatment for skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis and acne, as it can help to reduce inflammation and irritation. The combination of the shea butter and sugar makes it an ideal skincare product for those with sensitive skin, as it is gentle and non-irritating. All in all, shea butter sugar scrub is an effective and affordable way to maintain good skin health. 

DIY recipes for Shea Butter Sugar Scrub are a great way to make a luxurious, natural, homemade body scrub. According to HSBMO Hair, & Shea butter is a natural moisturizer that helps nourish the skin, reduce inflammation, and promote skin elasticity. This makes it ideal for use in body scrubs as it helps to soften and hydrate the skin. When combined with sugar, it creates a natural exfoliant that helps to remove dead skin cells, leaving a smooth, glowing complexion. Additionally, the addition of essential oils to the mixture can provide additional benefits such as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. 

With a few simple ingredients, it is easy to make a homemade Shea Butter Sugar Scrub that can be used to deeply nourish and exfoliate the skin. 

Choosing the right shea butter sugar scrub can be difficult, as there are many factors that need to be taken into account before making a purchase. According to research by N Sornritchingchai in 2005, it’s important to consider your skin type before selecting a scrub, as scrubbing with the wrong product can cause more harm than good. Those with sensitive skin should opt for a scrub with smaller, more gentle exfoliating particles, while those with oily skin should look for a product that contains more exfoliating beads. Additionally, it is important to select a scrub that is pH-balanced to avoid skin irritation. 

Furthermore, depending on the desired outcome, different ingredients should be taken into consideration. For example, those looking for a product with moisturizing benefits should select one with more natural oils and butters, such as shea butter. Ultimately, by taking the time to research and select the right shea butter sugar scrub, you can ensure that your skin will be left feeling soft, refreshed and well-nourished. (Sornritchingchai, 2005). 

Shea butter sugar scrub is a great way to exfoliate and nourish the skin in one step. It helps to remove dirt, oil, and dead skin cells, which can clog the pores and make the skin appear dull. By replacing these cells with healthy, glowing new ones, the skin looks and feels more rejuvenated. This natural exfoliant is gentle enough for all skin types, making it a beneficial part of any beauty routine. In conclusion, shea butter sugar scrub is an effective and safe choice for all skin types, helping to change the look and feel of skin for the better. 

Shea butter sugar scrub 

A shea butter sugar scrub is the ideal answer for people who want to maintain healthy, radiant skin. Shea butter, a great exfoliator that helps to exfoliate dead skin cells from the skin's surface, is combined with sugar in this scrub. Using Shea butter sugar scrub can improve skin texture, minimise the look of fine lines and wrinkles, and stimulate blood flow, among other advantages. The advantages of using Shea butter sugar scrub, how to create it at home, and when to use it will all be covered in this article. So let's get started and discover more about this incredible skincare product. 

Due to its many advantages, shea butter sugar scrub is a popular skincare product. Shea butter has been used for millennia in Africa for its moisturising and therapeutic characteristics, claims N Sornritchingchai. Vitamins A and E are included in shea butter, which support skin hydration and defence. Contrarily, sugar works as a natural exfoliator to help eliminate dead skin cells and encourage the regeneration of healthy skin cells. Shea butter and sugar work together to make a potent skincare product that may moisturise and exfoliate the skin. A brighter complexion, enhanced skin texture, and more moisture are all advantages of utilising shea butter sugar scrub. 

The scrub can also aid in preventing acne and other skin imperfections, as well as reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Shea butter sugar scrub is also a mild and safe alternative for people with sensitive skin due to its natural ingredients. Overall, shea butter sugar scrub is a great complement to any skincare regimen and offers a number of advantages for youthful, radiant skin. 

For individuals who wish to exfoliate, moisturise, and soften their skin without using harsh chemicals, shea butter sugar scrub is the ideal answer. You'll need shea butter, sugar, and essential oil to prepare it at home. Shea butter should first be melted in a microwave or on a burner. After that, combine it with sugar until a paste-like consistency is achieved. Add a few drops of essential oil at the end to give it a fragrant finish. An inexpensive and all-natural replacement for store-bought goods is this homemade scrub. Shea butter has been used for generations in Africa as a natural moisturiser because of its high level of fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants, as mentioned by Sornritchingchai (2005). Sugar is also an excellent exfoliant that helps to eliminate dead skin cells and enhance the texture of the skin. Furthermore beneficial for the skin is the use of essential oils like lavender or peppermint. All things considered, creating shea butter sugar scrub at home is a quick and easy way to pamper your skin and get a healthy, beautiful glow. 

  

Shea butter sugar scrub is a popular beauty product that has been used for years by women. It is an effective moisturizer that helps to nourish the skin, leaving it soft and silky. According to N. Sornritchingchai, a study conducted in 2005 showed that using Shea butter sugar scrub is best done during the winter months when the skin is prone to dryness due to the cold weather. The study also found that Shea butter sugar scrub is most effective when used once or twice a week, depending on the individual's skin type. It is important to note that the use of Shea butter sugar scrub should be avoided if one has sensitive skin or if they have any allergies to the ingredients. The best way to use Shea butter sugar scrub is to apply it to damp skin and massage it gently in circular motions. The sugar acts as an exfoliant, removing dead skin cells, while the Shea butter moisturizes and nourishes the skin. Overall, Shea butter sugar scrub is a great addition to any skincare routine, and when used correctly, can help to achieve soft and healthy-looking skin. 

In conclusion, Shea butter sugar scrub is an excellent natural exfoliant and moisturizer that can do wonders for your skin. This all-natural, homemade product is easy to make, affordable and highly effective. By using Shea butter sugar scrub, you can gently remove dead skin cells, unclog pores, and reveal smoother, softer, and healthier-looking skin. Moreover, the nourishing properties of Shea butter can help soothe dry skin, protect against environmental stressors and promote overall skin health. So, if you want to pamper your skin with a luxurious and effective skincare product, Shea butter sugar scrub is definitely worth a try. 

 

 

1. Dead Sea Detox Bath salts 

Soothe the mind, body, and spirit with this healing bath salt blend. Restorative Dead Sea Salt has long been praised for its natural skin care benefits. This detoxing bath salt is rich in restorative minerals, including Magnesium, Calcium, and potassium to support overall skin health and vitality. Naturally cleansing and detoxifying, Dead Sea Salt works to smooth and soften skin while drawing out impurities. Pacific Sea Salt fights bacteria and detoxifies pores for a healthy, clear appearance. Epsom Salt naturally eases tired muscles for a complete relaxation experience. 

Calm, invigorate or create a sense of wellbeing with our customizable formula. Salts can be scented with any choice of fragrance or essential oil to enhance the user experience. 

.The use of Dead Sea detox bath salts is gaining popularity in the wellness industry as a way of providing beneficial health effects. A recent study conducted by Al Bawab et al. (2018) found evidence that such bath salts can reduce stress, improve skin health, and contribute to overall wellbeing. Specifically, their research indicated that regular use of Dead Sea detox bath salts can reduce cortisol levels, the hormone responsible for stress. In addition, the study suggested that these salts can improve skin hydration and reduce skin roughness. Taken together, this suggests that Dead Sea detox bath salts can improve skin health and reduce stress, leading to a healthier, more relaxed lifestyle. Furthermore, these bath salts are believed to provide an abundance of minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, and potassium, which are essential for overall health and wellbeing. Therefore, Dead Sea detox bath salts can provide a safe and natural way to improve overall health and wellbeing. 

The history and origins of Dead Sea detox bath salts can be traced back to the ancient civilizations of the Middle East. According to N Golb (2013), the Dead Sea, which is located between Israel and Jordan, has been known since antiquity for its healing properties. The salts found in the Dead Sea are believed to be an important ingredient in detoxifying the body. These salts are composed of minerals such as magnesium, potassium, and sodium, which are essential for maintaining healthy skin and for providing the body with a natural detox. The natural detoxification process of Dead Sea salts is thought to help the body rid itself of toxins and impurities, as well as providing relief from a variety of ailments. In addition to its detoxifying properties, Dead Sea salts are also believed to have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-fungal properties, making them an ideal choice for those looking for a natural alternative to conventional treatments. As a result, Dead Sea detox bath salts have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their many health benefits. 

The Dead Sea, which is located in the Middle East, is a salt lake that is known for its high salinity and mineral concentration. In recent years, Dead Sea salts have become increasingly popular in spa treatments and detox baths. A 2018 study published by A Al Bawab et al. in Materials Science and Engineering explored the chemistry behind the Dead Sea salts and their detoxifying properties. 

Specifically, the research team analyzed the salts for their mineral content and other chemical properties. They found that the salts contain a variety of minerals, including magnesium, potassium, and sodium chloride. In addition, the salts had a high bicarbonate concentration, which is known to help detoxify the body by increasing the pH balance in the body. Furthermore, the team found that the salts had anti-inflammatory properties and were effective in reducing skin inflammation. Thus, the Dead Sea salts are an effective detoxifying agent due to their high mineral content, bicarbonate concentration, and anti-inflammatory properties. 

Overall, when using dead sea detox bath salts, it is important to be aware of the potential health benefits they can provide. They are known to help promote deeper relaxation, improve overall skin health, reduce inflammation, boost circulation, and detoxify the body of built-up toxins. When used in moderation and as directed, dead sea detox bath salts can be a great way to kickstart a healthy lifestyle. 

Dead sea detox bath salts 

If you're looking for a relaxing and rejuvenating way to detox your body, then you might want to give Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts a try. These bath salts are made from the mineral-rich waters of the Dead Sea and are known for their incredible therapeutic properties. In this article, we will explore what Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts are, the benefits they offer, and how to use them to make the most of their healing properties. So if you're ready to pamper yourself and give your body the detox it deserves, read on to learn more about these amazing bath salts. 

Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts are a popular product in the world of beauty and wellness. These salts are named after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake located between Israel and Jordan. The water from the Dead Sea is known to be rich in minerals, such as magnesium, calcium, and potassium, which are believed to have therapeutic benefits for the skin and body. Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts are made by combining these minerals with other natural ingredients, such as essential oils and herbs, to create a product that is intended to cleanse, exfoliate, and detoxify the body. According to a study by Al Bawab et al., the minerals found in the Dead Sea have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can help to alleviate skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Additionally, the high concentration of minerals in the Dead Sea water can help to improve skin hydration and reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts are a convenient and affordable way to incorporate the benefits of Dead Sea minerals into a daily beauty routine, and can be found in many health and wellness stores. (Al Bawab et al. 2018) 

Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts have been found to have numerous benefits for the human body. According to a study conducted by NC Chandrasekaran, WY Sanchez, and other researchers, these bath salts contain high levels of magnesium, which is known to have a relaxing effect on the body (Chandrasekaran et al. 7). The salts also contain sulfur, which has been found to have therapeutic effects on various skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema (Chandrasekaran et al. 7). Additionally, the minerals in Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts have been found to help improve overall skin health by increasing hydration and reducing inflammation (Chandrasekaran et al. 7). Furthermore, soaking in these bath salts has been found to help relieve muscle tension, reduce stress, and promote a sense of well-being (Chandrasekaran et al. 7). It is important to note that while these benefits have been observed in studies, individuals should consult with a healthcare professional before using these bath salts, especially if they have any underlying medical conditions or are pregnant. Overall, Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts have numerous potential benefits and may be a useful addition to a self-care routine. 

 The Dead Sea has been long known for its therapeutic properties, and Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts have become increasingly popular for their purported benefits. According to a study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts have been found to improve symptoms of atopic dermatitis, a chronic inflammatory skin condition. The study showed that bathing in Dead Sea salt solution significantly reduced the severity of atopic dermatitis, as well as improved skin hydration and reduced inflammation. To make the most of these benefits, it is recommended to add 1-2 cups of Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts to warm bathwater and soak for 20-30 minutes. It is important to note that these salts can be quite potent, so it is advisable to start with a lower amount and gradually increase as needed. Additionally, it is important to rinse off thoroughly after soaking to avoid any potential irritation. Overall, Dead Sea Detox Bath Salts can be a beneficial addition to a skincare routine for those with atopic dermatitis or other inflammatory skin conditions. 

In conclusion, Dead Sea detox bath salts have been used for centuries for their therapeutic benefits. The high concentration of minerals found in the Dead Sea helps to draw out toxins from the body, leaving the skin feeling rejuvenated and refreshed. The salts are also known to help improve circulation, reduce inflammation, and soothe sore muscles. Incorporating Dead Sea detox bath salts into your self-care routine can be a great way to relax, de-stress, and improve your overall well-being. So, if you're looking for a natural way to detoxify your body and improve your skin's health, Dead Sea detox bath salts may be just what you need. 

 

 

1. Nourishing + Natural Massage oil 

Nourishing and natural massage oil is an excellent way to promote relaxation and overall wellbeing. This essay will explore the benefits of using nourishing and natural massage oil, how to choose the right one for you, and how to use it for maximum benefits. From relief from muscle pain to improved sleep, nourishing and natural massage oil can bring a multitude of benefits. 

Nourishing and natural massage oil has many benefits that make it a popular choice for massage therapists and clients alike. According to WG Goreja (2004), massage oil can help improve circulation, reduce stress, and relax muscle tension. It is also beneficial for skin health as it can help to reduce inflammation and promote the healing of wounds. Massage oil has emollient properties which makes it an excellent choice for those with dry skin. It also helps to protect the skin from environmental elements, such as wind and cold temperatures. Additionally, massage oil helps to create a smoother massage experience that is less abrasive on the skin. It is also often used to increase the effectiveness of certain massage techniques, such as kneading and effleurage. Overall, nourishing and natural massage oil is a great choice for massage therapists and clients, as it provides many health benefits that can help improve the massage experience. 

  

Choosing the right nourishing and natural massage oil is an important part of the massage therapy process. It is essential to find an oil that not only provides a pleasing scent and texture, but also supports the patient’s health and wellbeing. According to WG Goreja’s 2004 book, “The Complete Book of Massage and Aromatherapy,” natural oils are the best option for massage therapy because they provide key benefits such as nourishment and hydration for the skin. These oils are also typically free of synthetic fragrances, dyes, and preservatives, making them safer for the patient. When selecting a massage oil, it is important to choose one that is both natural and nourishing. Natural oils such as almond, avocado, and jojoba are great choices as they are rich in vitamins and anti-oxidants. These oils help to provide nourishment and hydration while also leaving the skin feeling soft and supple. Additionally, they can be used as carrier oils, which are used to dilute essential oils and make them safer to apply to the skin. Ultimately, choosing the right nourishing and natural massage oil is essential for providing the best massage therapy experience for the patient. 

  

Nourishing and natural massage oil can be a great way to improve the health of your skin. According to WG Goreja (2004), natural massage oils are made from natural ingredients such as essential oils, herbs, and other plant extracts, which can provide many benefits to the skin. These oils can help to nourish and moisturize the skin, as well as promote relaxation, reduce pain, and improve circulation. Additionally, massage oils can help to reduce inflammation and provide anti-aging benefits, such as reducing wrinkles and improving skin tone. To maximize the potential benefits of massage oils, it is important to choose the right type of oil for your skin type. For example, if you have dry or sensitive skin, a lighter oil, such as grapeseed or jojoba, may be best. If you have oily or acne-prone skin, a heavier oil, such as coconut or almond oil, may be more suitable. It is also important to use the right amount of oil, as too much can leave the skin feeling greasy or clog pores. Finally, it is recommended to use natural oils that are free from chemicals, as they can cause skin irritation or allergies. By using the right type of nourishing and natural massage oil, you can enjoy the many benefits it has to offer. 

The use of nourishing and natural massage oil can be beneficial to anyone's overall health and well-being. It can help relax muscles, soothe pain, improve skin condition, reduce stress, and boost circulation. In addition, it can be used to simply enjoy the pleasant scents and natural oils of plant sources that give a calming and relaxing feeling. Massage oil has shown to be a beneficial and effective tool for overall health. 

 

 

1. Shea Butter +green tea Lotion 

We all desire healthy, glowing skin and are constantly looking for ways to achieve this. One popular choice for skin care is the combination of Shea Butter and Japanese green tea body lotion. This essay will explore the benefits of these two ingredients, the history of their usage in skin care, and their popularity in contemporary skin care routines. 

The benefits of Shea Butter and Japanese Green Tea for skin care has been well studied and documented. According to WG Goreja (2004), Shea Butter is a natural source of Vitamin A, which helps to keep skin looking smooth and healthy. It also has anti-inflammatory properties which helps to reduce 

redness and swelling. Japanese Green Tea contains polyphenols, which are natural antioxidants that protect the skin from free radical damage. Studies have found that Green Tea also contains catechins, which have anti-aging benefits. Additionally, it can help to reduce inflammation, redness and irritation. Combined, Shea Butter and Japanese Green Tea provide a range of benefits for skin care. They can help to keep skin looking healthy, youthful and nourished. 

The history of shea butter and green tea usage in skin care is a long and fascinating one. According to L Miller (2006), shea butter has been used for centuries in Africa as a natural skin care remedy. It is rich in vitamins and minerals, and is known to be deeply nourishing to the skin. In recent years, it has seen a surge in popularity in the Western world as its moisturizing properties have become more widely known. Similarly, green tea has long been used in traditional Japanese skin care remedies. It is believed to have antioxidant properties and is used to help protect the skin from environmental damage. While both shea butter and green tea have been used for centuries in various skin care practices, their recent rise in popularity in the Western world has led to a more widespread knowledge of their benefits. This has led to an increased interest in their potential for use in a wide range of skin care products. 

In the 2005 study conducted by JN Kraft and CW Lynde, the authors explored the popularity of shea butter and Japanese green tea body lotion in contemporary skin care routines. It was found that both shea butter and Japanese green tea body lotion are widely used by people of all ages, genders, and skin types across the globe. The popularity of these two natural ingredients is attributed to their superior moisturizing and anti-aging properties. Shea butter, in particular, is a rich source of vitamins A and E, 

both of which are essential for maintaining healthy and youthful skin. Japanese green tea body lotion, on the other hand, is known to be an effective antioxidant and helps to reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. Furthermore, both products are relatively inexpensive and can be easily incorporated into any skin care routine. As a result, it is not surprising that many people continue to use these two products in their daily skin care routines. Kraft and Lynde (2005) concluded that these two natural 

ingredients are essential for achieving and maintaining healthy, glowing skin. 

In conclusion, Shea butter and Japanese green tea body lotion is a great product that offers many health benefits for skin care. It is a natural, antioxidant-rich product that can help protect skin from environmental toxins, reduce the signs of aging, and provide hydration and moisture. With regular use, it can improve skin health, reduce dryness, and create a soft, smooth feeling. Ultimately, this product can be a beneficial addition to one skin care routine. 

 

  

HOW TO USE 

Fill the tub with warm water and add the dead sea detox bath salt in the water.  

  

Massage your body with natural massage oil for 15-20 minutes and after sit in salt water in the tub for 15 minutes. 

  

Take a shower with Body wash then gently scrub your body with sugar scrub and rinse with warm water. 

  

Dry your skin with a towel and apply body lotion.